A dditive manufacturing (AM or 3d Printing) in spine surgery is evolving every year beyond porous titanium implants. A 2025 systematic review published in the European Spine Journal evaluated the clinical use of 3D printing across spinal procedures and provides one of the clearest recent summaries of its measurable impact in the operating room.  For doctors, the key finding is straightforward: across the majority of reviewed studies, 3D-printed guides, models, and implants were associated...

“Minimally invasive” has become a convenient shorthand for good spine surgery. Smaller incisions and percutaneous techniques matter—but experienced surgeons know that tissue trauma is driven by cumulative insult, not labels. Muscle, nerve, and soft tissue respond to force, time, energy exposure, and repetition across the entire case. When MIS is reduced to fundamentals, the drivers of lower tissue trauma are consistent—and well supported in the literature. What Actually Makes the Difference...